Perception and Learning Essay

Learning and Perception are intertwined. They are relatively connected with each other. When we say Learning, it is a term used referring to a relatively permanent change in behavior that is a result of past experience or practice. It includes classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and perceptual learning. While Perception on the other hand, is a general term referring to the awareness of objects, qualities, or events stimulating the sense organs; it also refers to a person’s experience of the world. So when one perceives something through his environment, he then learns it and somehow puts it into practice (Hulse, Deese, & Egeth, 1975). The brain has a strong tendency to organize various stimuli into objects which are seen as figures on grounds. Stability in our world is provided by our various perceptual constancies. Like in death, we perceive death because we make us of several monocular and binocular cues. These general principles help us to understand how perception works. The organisms or individual’s stage of development affects or influences the things he perceives through the things he learned. Just about everything we learn is partly a learning of new perceptions. And our previous learning affects our present perceptions, especially when the learning has been emotional or unusually meaningful (Hochberg, 1964, p. 287). . A gun maybe perceived quite differently by a woman whose husband has been killed in a hunting accident and by a child who is fascinated with cowboys. To the child the gun is a toy associated with pleasurable excitement, with fantasies of range wars and of galloping horses. To bereaved wife the gun is a deadly weapon associated with sadness and fear. For example, a young woman who fell in love and was broken hearted already has learned a lesson not to give everything the next time her heart beats again. Another example is, a baby who tries to learn to walk tries his very best to know how to balance, even though he experiences fall sometimes he still tries his best to do it and learn how to walk. So before it we can call it learning from their mistakes, the change must be relatively permanent; it must last a fairly long time. These rules out changes in behavior due to motivation, fatigue, adaptation, or sensitivity of the organism. Learning contributes much to perception, but it is only one ingredient. Many factors both learned and unlearned, affect what the person actually does. Even so, an individual’s performance is all that we can measure. We must infer, by appropriate control or knowledge of the conditions affecting perception, when perception has been changed through learning and when it has been changed by other factors (King, 1971, p. 79-80). Moreover, learned and unlearned factors interact in complex ways. For example, many kinds of behavior depend on perception. When a student has learned that he should study for him to succeed then he will likely do it because he believes; which is his perception, meaning he is aware of; that when finishes his studies that individual will succeed.

Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1865 Essay

The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency enacted March 3, 1865. The purpose of this organization was to aid and protect the newly freed slaves in the south after the Civil War. This was a very influential agency and some people would find it to be a major influence in the life of newly freed slaves. In this paper I will explain to you the purpose, the events that led up to the Freedmen’s Bureau, and the people that influenced the Freedmen’s Bureau. The purpose of the bureau was to provide food and medical care to the freedmen of the south. This bureau was only supposed to be in effect for one year; however, congress extended it contrary to the veto Andrew Johnson. In addition to providing food and medical care to the freedmen of the south; the bureau also helped to manage abandon property, establish schools, and regulate labor. The bureau was successful in educating the freedmen, but was very unsuccessful in establishing land. It was very hard for the newly freed slaves to own land or anything for that manner and it took a very long time to establish anything major for them. Later on after the act was established the freedmen were granted 85,000 acres of land but President Andrew Johnson revoked the land and gave it to the Confederate landowners. After the land was revoked the bureau focused on employment for the freedmen. They were able to acquire employment working on plantations; however, this became a problem when they became sharecroppers and tenant farmers. The bureau had many problems but all in all they did work hard to help the newly freed slaves establish the rights that they weren’t able to obtain. The freedmen’s bureau was established on the sympathy of a Civil War hero. He felt sorry for the blacks that had to transition from captivity to freedom so suddenly. After President Johnson unconstitutionally vetoed the bill, congress passed the bill over his veto. Whites in the south were opposed to African Americans having rights, and the bureau didn’t have the proper military force in place to establish any authority. Eventually the military had the move to the western frontier. The bureau’s work stemmed the establishment of the government involving themselves with social welfare and labor relations. I will now explain the people that played a significant role in influencing and implementing the freedmen’s bureau. The freedmen’s bureau was initiated by former President Abraham Lincoln. It was also headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard. George Ruby was an African American teacher and administrator that was the bureau’s inspector. He helped to establish school for African Americans and he also inspected the field officer’s that worked within the bureau. Unfortunately under the leadership of President Ulysses S. Grant, the bureau was disbanded. According to history the freedmen’s bureau was not very successful. Out of all of the promises that were made to the newly freed African Americans, very few were kept. Essentially they were left to fend for themselves. Promises such as employment and some education were kept. The promises for land and racial equality were not kept and this enraged the supporters of the bureau and the African Americans themselves. If the bureau would have had the proper financial backing and the proper number of staff it probably would have been very successful. Being that the bureau let the freedmen down by not providing the necessary funds, land, and education they lost faith in the United States government. The bureau has been labeled a failure by historians. In essence the Freedmen’s Bureau was a relief organization set in place to help freedmen transition from slavery to the free world. Many promises such as land, employment, racial equality, and education were promised; but very few promises were kept. The bureau was underfunded and undermanned and the necessary resources hadn’t been set in place for it to thrive like it was supposed to.

Analysis of “Can-can” by Arturo Vivante

The story under the title â€Å"Can-can† was written by Arturo Vivante. Born in Rome in 1923, Arturo Vivante graduated in 1949 and practiced medicine in Rome until 1958 when he ended his medical career and moved to America to pursue a career as a professional writer. Vivante has since been on the faculty of several American universities and is now retired and living in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Though Vivante writes in English and has lived in America for much of the last 35 years, his Italian heritage has an undeniable presence in his fiction.His short stories often read like reflections or memories of a distant and foreign past that a reader of Vivante cannot help but link to the life of the transplanted author himself. The plot of the story under the discussion is quite interesting and I dare say close to our reality. A man is going to the secret meeting with the other woman, leaving his house, wife and children. Suddenly it occurs to him that he wants to stay, but the date is already arranged.So, having arrived to the summer cottage he finds himself thinking of his wife and that surprises him greatly. The problem raised by the author is quite clear: the husband intends to have a love affair and is already unfaithful to his wife. However some feeling of upset, comprehension of the fact his wife is still a sweet cherry, not broken by a small stuff, a woman able to give him love and firmness – doesn’t let him stay calm.Awaiting the woman at the cafe he hopes she wouldn’t come and he would return home easily and happily: â€Å"How strange he should be hoping for her absence. † Even spending time with the lover he misses his wife and thinks of her. How is that possible? Let’s characterize the wife. First of all we should say she is fairly a wise woman. We see she loves her husband and wants to have a happy family as any woman does: â€Å"she felt safer with him at home, and he helped look after the children, especially the baby. â€Å"

A critical review on a perspective of globalization Essay

A critical review on a perspective of globalization - Essay Example Nox made at least three key points in the article. Firstly, Nox argued that the booming economies of India and China lifted millions of people from poverty and enumerated data on how economic boom improved the lives of many. Secondly, Nox refuted the view that rich countries have employed protectionism as they destroy the trade barriers of the developing countries. Thirdly, the author pointed out that with the globalisation, multinational corporations â€Å"spread wealth, work, technologies that raised living standards.† Nox also raised several other points but they do not seem directly relevant to the central question of whether globalisation is good or bad for a country. As a concluding statement, Nox argued that â€Å"if globalisation has not adequately worked, it is because there has not been enough of it or countries resisted it.† Let us assess Nox’s article. 2.0. Critique The main strength of the Nox article is that it stood on the correct foot with regard to globalisation. However, Nox’s article has several weaknesses. Some of the weaknesses arose because the Nox article is too short to elaborate on many of the specifics of globalisation. Nevertheless, the fundamental shortcoming of Nox’s work is that it failed to objectively assess based on theory the overall impact of globalisation on the economy and society. At the outset, however, let us categorically identify a very fundamental weakness of the Nox’s article: the work of Nox is a plagiarised work. At least three sentences of the Chew Nox article are word-for-word copies of sentences in two other articles, each of which was written by authors other than Nox. The sentence, â€Å"World poverty and income inequality fell over the past two decades, for the first time in more than a century and a half, thanks to globalisation- the rising density of economic integration across national borders,† for instance, can be found in Wade (2004). Two sentences were li fted word-for-word from the online article of Meredith and Suzanne (2007): â€Å"The booming economies of India and China - the Elephant and the Dragon - have lifted 200 million people out of abject poverty in the 1990s as globalisation took off. Tens of millions have catapulted themselves far ahead into the middle class.† It is highly likely that other portions of the Nox article were also plagiarised. However, the three sentences quoted earlier already provide adequate evidence of plagiarism. Thus, we need not find out if the other sentences of the Nox article were also plagiarised. The data provided suffice to make us conclude that the Nox article is a plagiarised work. Going into the content, we find several other weaknesses of the Nox article. Firstly, Nox concluded that globalisation has its bad and good sides but Nox did not really identify the bad or negatives sides of globalisation. Some of the bad or negative sides of globalisation actually pertain to the employment effects of globalisation. It is a fundamental view in business economics that, assuming there is no intervention from government, trade moves societies into an economic structure in which production and trade become founded on the country’s comparative advantage. In other words, there will be sectors in society that will human and non-human resources in society that will become unemployed as domestic production and international trade are restructured along society’

Do HR policies enhance employee productivity and hence should be used Essay

Do HR policies enhance employee productivity and hence should be used as a business strategy to achieve a cost advantages - Essay Example agers [2 from large manufacturing organization, 1 from small-medium size telecom organization, 1 each from small size finance and small size service organizations], revealed that the HR managers were involved with routine functions like administration, documentation, training and development and conflict management. Further, the strategic roles and its attributes were presented as the ability to foresee future and assess the changing business needs and environments and to plan for them. The main survey includes questions developed on the basis of the findings of the preliminary survey and the literature review. The main research included administering a questionnaire to fifty HR managers [20 from manufacturing with 15 large organizations and 5 Small-Medium; 10 from large telecom organization; 10 each from small finance and service organizations] from 15 organizations. - The larger firms have HR managers who are more involved in the organizational process and in addition to the administrative duties also provide guidance in policy development and assessing the future HR needs. - There is also a difference in the role of the HR managers across different sectors. Manufacturing organizations give more autonomy, and their HR managers are more involved in decision-making, and provide more strategy related support. Training and development activities take up a major part of all HR managers’ time. General Management is the management of the organizational resources and processes in a manner that positive gins could be attained out of the enterprise. General Management therefore comprises of activities like planning, organizing, motivating, controlling, leading and conflict managing. With the onset of the industrialization, the realm of General Management expanded to include activities like process managements and technology management (Kroon 2005). Further, propelled by the various researchers and academics, the management thought evolved to make the human resources

Choose an environmental topic, analyse the message about the issue Essay

Choose an environmental topic, analyse the message about the issue that is being constructed in the media source you have selected - Essay Example Such a broadened understanding in turn helps in effective policy formulation and resolve issues in an amicable manner. The depiction of environmental issues by the media has increased significantly, over the last couple of decades. Various environmental groups as well as government departments have been relying on the media heavily, for promotion of their self-interests as well as for raising awareness regarding the depletion of sources and encouraging the public to support their cause. Such an alliance of the media and the environmental groups / and or other groups endorsing environmental issues; often raises significant issues related to government policy formulation, risk to public life, etc. among others. This paper aims to study and analyze the issue of â€Å"oil sands pollution† in Canadian waterways as represented by the Canadian print media – especially the newspapers. For this purpose articles from some select newspapers such as The Globe and Mail, Edmonton Journal, The Gazette, and The Vancouver Sun are chosen for analysis. Dryzek has identified several discourses associated with environmental problems such as - Survivalism, Environmental problem solving, Sustainability, Green radicalism, Administrative rationalism, Democratic pragmatism, Economic rationalism and Sustainable development. The articles discussed below, will seek to identify and analyze some such discourses and assess their relevance and impact, generated by the print media. In this article the writer has discussed about the rising level of pollution around the Athabasca River and its tributaries on account of emissions from oil sands. In order to lend credibility to the arguments presented in the article the writer has included a research paper presenting contradictory views of the energy industry and the Alberta government regarding the underlying causes of this issue. The writer has directed

Exploring the Integration of Enterprise Resource Planning Solutions Dissertation

Exploring the Integration of Enterprise Resource Planning Solutions Within Supply Chain Management - Dissertation Example It was able to attain this position through vigorous investment in technology to ensure that its continuous improvement is not only based on intent but founded on empirical data as well. Tesco’s direction is on the right path towards its goal by using the latest of what Information Technology can offer to assist it in gathering historical data of its operation and at the same time being provided real time reports of its operation. The ability to move its inventory as efficiently as possible to all its stores either from the owners of the labels or from its own distribution center is one of the lifeblood of Tesco thus its employment of a Supply Chain Management System is mandatory. However, it is also imperative that information technology should not only assist its operation it is also essential for Tesco to be ahead of its competitor by ensuring that its information is built into an essential knowledge base for use in developing its business intelligence framework. Integratin g an Enterprise Resource Planning Solution into a Supply Chain Management System would provide the infrastructure to achieve this. The integrated system would be able to project demands and issue orders ahead of time to ensure that the shelves of Tesco’s retail stores scattered all over the United Kingdom do not go empty. To stay ahead of its competitor within the same industry the knowledge that will be built in the integration of the two systems would translate to the provisioning of valuable information to label or product owners. Information such as demands based on geography and time will aid label owners on how to time their production and delivery to Tesco stores. Introduction Enterprise Resource Planning Solutions have considered and taken into consideration all information that can be gathered pertinent to the operation of the organization and convert them into knowledge that companies can use to meet the demands of the industry (Monk & Wagner, 2012). Supply Chain Ma nagement system takes into account all relevant information that can be collected for purposes of making the production and inventory process efficient, cost effective and responsive to market demands (Hugos, 2011). The implementation of both solutions would enable the company to meet its production targets while at the same time it will be informed in real time of the operational position of the organization including its financial situation (Karni & Shtub, 2009). Tesco plc is a retail and general merchandise organization headquartered in Cheshunt, United Kingdom (Tesco, 2012). The nature of business of Tesco requires that it keeps track of all inventories to a point wherein it is aware of when an item in its inventory is received up to the time on when it is sold. A Supply Chain Management System would be able to track inventories in this same manner as described. An Enterprise Resource Planning System would be able to provide Financial and Controlling systems, Human Resource Mana gement, Production Planning, Treasury systems and the planning of all other company resource.

How Western Civilization is shaped by what historians call 'others', Essay

How Western Civilization is shaped by what historians call 'others', - Essay Example Conquering new regions necessitated the formulation of new ways to hold the vast empires together. Machiavelli expounded upon how the rulers should incorporate the newly acquitted territories comprising of people belonging to distinct regions, usually having high expectations from the new ruler. According to Machiavelli’s views, newly acquired territories and foreign states can be regarded as the ‘other’. Machiavelli states that these states can be divided between principalities and republics and in ‘The Prince’, he elaborates on principalities. According to him, principalities can be divided between hereditary principalities and new principalities, with the former being the ones formerly ruled by the ruler’s ancestors, while the new being the new ones acquired or added to current state by the ruler.1He further states that it is easier to rule hereditary principalities because the society is already accustomed to the rule. However, in case of a new principality, the ruler has to be shrewd so that the people do not revolt against him, when he fails to fulfill all their expectations as a new ruler. Machiavelli proposes that a ruler should suppress such a revolt and then punish the conspirators severely in order to set an example and inhibit future revolts2. Machiavelli regards the upholding of a new principality as more difficult because if a ruler is unable to fully conform to their expectation, then people take up arms against him. It is much easier to rule a new principality, if people share the same language, culture and customs. The prince could assassinate the old ruler’s family and introduce new taxes and if he ensure that society’s prevalent customs and norms are upheld, people will not revolt. In new territories with strong linguistic and cultural differences, a ruler must live there to ensure the local rulers don’t revolt and foster close ties with the subjects. He could also form colonies whi ch would be cheaper than to have a widespread military existence, which may induce a revolt as well. However, it would negatively affect the poor and distant populations, but because they are unable to revolt, they should be crushed. Consequently, most people would ally with the prince and the rest will fear him. To support his argument, he gives the example of Louis X113. In order to maintain his presence in a foreign region, a prince must not only subjugate the people, but remain the strongest one and ensure no neighboring power takes over. He must suppress the strong powers and by default the weaker ones would ally with him and his will remain the most dominant state in the region. Princes must also be wary of new problems that could turn into a serious issue and must undertake preemptive measures.4 In newly acquired territories that were previously free, it is better for a prince to completely destroy, so that no threat of revolt remains, as otherwise traditional ties due to sha red history of freedom will propel them to revolt5. However, in a territory that was previously ruled by a prince, once the old ruler is killed, there is no threat of revolt as people are accustomed to blindly obey the ruler. In addition, a new ruler must strive to depend on his own prowess, rather than passively relying on fortune. Such a ruler is more successful in maintain order and introducing a new set of rules, as he uses force and accomplishes his goals6. According to Machiavelli, a prince chosen by nobles or people must strive to foster

Nursing Shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Nursing Shortage - Research Paper Example The nurses are decreasing in number in many countries of the world, and the number of people suffering from different diseases is increasing. A few nurses who are ready to assist people for many reasons and shortage of nurses are creating many impacts on patients as well as the healthcare industry. In general, the aim of the study was to find the impact on the shortage of the nurses in the healthcare industry concerning the quality of the service the nurses provide in comparison to the previous times when the nursing shortage was not a problem. From the findings of the research one gets to interpret that, the working nurses are under pressure due to the shortage of nurses in the hospital. Moreover, there are signs of lack job satisfaction from the premises since they have considered finding better paying jobs in the country. The facility on the other hand has not made any amends to the looming danger of losing nurses hence they lacked initiative to make the nurses stay. There is no retention plan in the hospital that can curb the prevailing trend of nurse loss in the facility. More so, the synchrony in the facility is out of line making the care vulnerable to mistakes. This implies there is little accuracy in the service rendering in the facility. The fatigue the nurses are experiencing in the hospital with little coordination from the administration leads to more trouble since the lack of direction make the daily activities in the hospital collide causing chaos in the service. However, the nurses have tried to curb the ob stacles through a series of teamwork and perseverance. The environment of the hospital is not having a good environment for the hospitals reputation in terms of the administrations mandate in the hospital. The environment may not portray the hospital in the good light citing the frustrated staff that can snap and utter inappropriate message to the stakeholders costing the hospital

Marks of a Healthy Church Essay Example for Free

Marks of a Healthy Church Essay Introduction In the New Testament, the church can be referred to as the â€Å"local† church or the â€Å"universal† church. The local church is a place where assemblies of believers come together at a particular location and time. The universal church refers to the body of Christ. Many churches believe that they are healthy because they have a certain number of people on their membership roll. Healthy churches measure their spirituality according to God’s Word. This paper seeks to convey that healthy churches are measured in spiritual terms versus numerical terms; follow biblical instead of cultural patterns of ministry; are based on theological instead of sociological foundations; focus on ministry not a marketing model; and adopt scriptural not secular models of leadership. This will be done by examining Kenneth Gangel’s discussion on the different marks that can be used to gauge a healthy church in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church.† Brief Summary According to Kenneth Gangel, in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church,† he seeks to â€Å"explain the characteristics of a healthy church using the measurements of the spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership.† To accomplish this Gangel cautions spiritual leaders not to get caught up in measuring church growth in numerical terms. They should accentuate the holiness and sovereignty of God through Bible study, worship, prayer, praise, and fellowship. In following biblical instead of cultural patterns, churches do not feel compelled to stay â€Å"up with the times† or get hooked on religious fads and slogans. Churches should not push alot of programs and believe that they are right just because they are successful. They would do well to check them and their success against the Word of God. Gangel also wanted spiritual leaders to ensure that they are paying attention to the true vigor or teachings of biblical theology and not get caught up in sociological perceptions of what the church should be. They should seek God’s plans for the church and tune out outside influences. A healthy church seeks to remain spiritually effective by following the ministry model of the â€Å"Great Commission† according to God’s grace, authority, and resources. Churches must never use the marketing or worldly model of seeking resources to accomplish their goals. Spiritual leaders will have trials and be scrutinized; but they should never take on a secular form of leadership in order to deal with these trials. They must pay attention to the essential functions of guiding and leading a healthy church. Critical Interaction Gangel has taken an in depth approach to explaining what constitutes a healthy church. He seeks to make clear that spiritual leaders have to use a biblical approach to assessing church growth or a healthy church. Some of the theological issues that I have found to be at stake in the article are the beliefs that church growth is an indication that the church is growing according to what God has mandated for the church. Church growth should always be evaluated to ensure that the growth is occurring for the right or biblical reasons. The other theological issue is making sure that the spiritual leader and the church are not conforming to the world and its way of doing things. The Bible is the road map that has been given to the spiritual leaders and the church to ensure that they do not go wrong or spiritually off course. Gangel’s opinion that the church should not get caught up on spiritual fads and slogans is backed by John F. MacArthur’s warning that the abandonment of the scriptures as a regulatory principle has opened the church to some of the most detestable of abuses. These abuses include bringing in secular artist into worship services, a sideshow with a carnival theme, and wrestling shows. Gangel is prompted to write about this subject because he was noticed and read about churches hinging their spiritual health on numerical terms of growth instead of biblical terms. His goal is to enlighten and warn the church to make sure they are using biblical measurements in determining the spiritual health of the church. The author has done an exceptional job in proving his thesis, that there are biblical marks or measurements of a healthy church. Gangel’s key strengths in this article are the five biblical marks that he has used to compare to the secular tenants that society likes to use. As he was explaining the five biblical marks of a healthy church, I wish he would have addressed what happens to a church that follows the tenets of society. Conclusion This paper has critiqued the article â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.† The author’s discussion in this article clearly lets us know that church should use caution when it comes to evaluating its growth. The marks that should be used to assess the health of the church are spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership. Everything that the church does should be checked by the Word of God. After reading this article, someone may make the claim that the church should do what it has to in order to reach the unbeliever. In my opinion, we as believers are not to let down our beliefs in what God has commanded us to do in order to reach an unbeliever. By all means, we can use Godly tools to witness to them where they are. Selected Bibliography Enns, Paul.The Moody Handbook of Theology.Revised and Expanded. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.†Bibliotheca Sacra,no.158 vol.632 (October December). http://galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis,ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 2 ]. Paul Enns, The Moody handbook of Theology, Revised and Expanded (Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008), 257 [ 3 ]. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. Marks of a Healthy Church. Bibliotheca Sacra 9, no.28 vol. 632 (October December). http://www.galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). [ 4 ]. Ibid., 468. [ 5 ]. Ibid., 469. [ 6 ]. Gangel, 470. [ 7 ]. Ibid., 474 [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Enns, 359-360. [ 10 ]. MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis, ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 11 ]. Gangel, 467-468. [ 12 ]. Ibid.

End of Conventional Oil

End of Conventional Oil End of Conventional Oil Oil is one of the most important fuels that are being consumed these days. Most of the industry depends upon the oil as they sue it as the fuel. The producers of oil are gaining a large amount of money after trading the oil. Thus the importance of oil is also imagined as it is considered as the black gold. It is also referred to as the blood of the earth. Thus the large amount of population that is using a huge amount of oil each year and that is reducing the reserves of oil. Due to various natural hazards like the ozone depletion the chemical reactions that converted the organic material into oil cannot take place properly and that is a hindrance in increasing the oil reserves. Thus there is a huge threat that the oil will be finished soon. There will be a huge impact over our lives with the depletion of the oil. There are some people who refer oil to the excrement of the devil or it is also considered as the black blood or the blood of the earth. Whereas there are a lot of people who would agree that the oil is the blood stream of the economy of the world. This is one reference that can have many contexts and arguments. Thus in some ways the crude oil resembles blood as when it is exposed to the air, it scabs. It is viscous and organic and moves quite easily through the pipes without creating any sort of friction. The cold oil also coagulates. The oil also supports the fungi and bacteria as it is not sterile. The oil carrying pipes might be found cogged with them growing inside. (Mills) At times it is also referred to as the blood of the dinosaur as it has some link to the ancient living creatures. Most of the geologists have the point of view that it is not easy to support this ideology with the strong proof and there was no such link of oil with the living beings. But still there are a number of scientists that believe in the idea that the oil was formed in the water and that later converted into some organism named plankton and that was later dragged into the sea and fed by some sunbeams and then they died and buried in the sea. We are moving form an age of cheap plentiful energy to the age of limited and expensive energy. Thus there is no alternative source for the development of energy that can replace the need of the oil or the natural gas. There is a perception that if the coal is used then we survive for decades is also not correct on the whole because that is only true when the rates of the coal do no change at all. The end of the oil does not mean that it has to dry out completely, thus it also means that if it becomes very expensive then we will not be able to use it. That will be end of the era when we got the cheap fuel and beginning of the era where fuel gets too expensive to be used. (Nersesian) The oil exporting nations have a motive due to which they are pushing the world to be dependent over the oil and thus they are trying to do their business. Oil is the most expensive business and thus the oil trading nations tend to earn a large amount of money in this business that is why they want that the industry should be dependent over the oil so that they should earn a large amount of money. Oil scarcity and the energy crisis will have a huge impact on our lives. Currently entire industry ranging from the domestic use of vehicles to the industrial use and the other machines are all dependent over the oil. The healthcare and the medical centers are also dependent over the oil for the transportation and other services with the oil shortage the price of the transportation and other service will increase resulting in the collapse of many industries. This this will not only kill the employment but will also close many industries resulting in the lack of education and health facilities. The oil is completely different thing then the wheat, wheat is something that can be grown each year resulting in the increase of the amount. The amount of wheat consumed each year is met by growing it the next year. Whereas the oil that was formed in the 4 Billion years, has been used in few centuries. It cannot be grown again as these reactions do not take a day or two to generate oil. Large amount of the engineers are working in the oil industry or industries that are very closely linked or dependent over the oil. So if the oil is depleted then the engineers will be jobless. This will highly affect their career and will cease the career opportunities for the people that are interested in this profession. (Lovins) Oil can be replaced by some alternative sources of energy like using sticks and carrots as a fuel in the cars or the use of the carbon free cars. In the electric production where a large amount of fuel is used for making electricity, the other sources like solar energy, wind energy and the tidal energy can be used to make it. And thus the oil can be replaced but it is hard to provide an equal amount of jobs to these people as well. The most invaluable source of energy ever discovered is rubbing. When the hands are rubbed they form some energy and heat and thus it is of no much use as the energy is very less and it vanishes in a very less time. The product that I enjoy and that consumes fuel too is a car. It is the most essential thing these days. And it costs a few thousand dollars. The cost pf the car will be way more and it might range to a few lack dollars as the cost of construction will increase to a large amount. That is why the construction cost will increase and that will increase the purchase cost as well. The green revolution contains a large deal of fertilizers derived from petrochemicals taken out from petroleum. These petrochemicals are formed from the hydrocarbons and ammonia and thus they are easily available by the plants. Thus the green revolution has a large amount of petrochemicals as these are also not harmful for the plants and forestry. The 9 billion people will have to find the alternative sources of food and they will have to choose the other form of food. They will have to include more fruits and vegetables in their diets that do not contain hydrocarbons. That is the only way the food demands can be met. Without the cheap oil the engineers will find some other source of energy like coal or the gas. That will help them meet the demands of the energy needs in the world. The end of cheap oil will affect all the people and every sector in this world as everything is completely dependent on it and the engineering career will be highly affected as we will not have enough jobs to work in and the wages will also be less. Petroleum is one of the most essential things in the today’s world. The cheap oil is the most important factor of every industry as it is used as a fuel. With the depletion of the resources of the cheap oil it has become very important that the other sources of energy should be found so that the world should keep on working smoothly. The transportation, food, industry everything is based on the oil. The countries that are trading oil prefer to increase the sale and to expand the use in vehicles. With the finishing of the oil the jobs will be reduced and the people will lose their jobs. Oil can be replaced by some alternative sources of energy and in the electric production where a large amount of fuel is used for making electricity, the other sources like solar energy, wind energy and the tidal energy can be used to make it. Alternatives to oil need to be adopted for our benefit. Work Cited Lovins, Amory B. Winning the oil endgame : innovation for profits, jobs and security. Snowmass, CO : : Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004. (124) Mills, Robin M. The myth of the oil crisis : overcoming the challenges of depletion, geopolitics, and global warming. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. (76) Nersesian, Roy L. Energy for the 21st century : a comprehensive guide to conventional and alternative sources. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007. ebook. (102)

Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services

Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services Jasmina Vuksanovic Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services Co-occurring disorders exist â€Å"when at least one disorder of each type can be established independent of the other and is not simply a cluster of symptoms resulting from a single disorder.†1 It has also been defined as the co-occurrence of â€Å"two or more psychiatric disorders.†2 Depending on the disorders involved, comorbidity may be homotypic, which involves disorders from the same diagnostic group, such as alcohol use and drug use, or heterotypic, which involves disorders from different diagnostic groups, such as alcohol use and depression.2 Prevalence and Demographic Factors Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in the United States, affecting approximately 6.7% of U.S adults each year.3 Alcohol use disorder (AUD), defined as both alcoholism and harmful drinking, is also prevalent in the United States and often co-occurs with MDD. AUD affects approximately 17 million Americans each year.4 Although research has not established a definitive etiological risk factor for both MDD and AUD, there are several proposed theories as to the association between these two disorders. Studies have shown that depressive symptoms may emerge during periods of heavy drinking and withdrawal.5 Continued heavy alcohol use may be a precursor to stressful life events, which in turn increases the risk of depression.5 Conversely, individuals battling depression are likely to drink heavily in order to cope with the depression, which in turn increases the risk of developing AUD.5 Among those with AUD, women have higher depression than men, as do Whites, compared to racial and/or ethnic minorities.5 In the general population, alcohol dependent men have a 24.3% lifetime prevalence of major depression, whereas alcohol dependent women have a 48.5% lifetime prevalence of major depression.5 In clinical samples, the lifetime rates of co-occurrence for women range from 50% to 70%.5 Co-occurrence of AUD a nd MDD is also associated with increased morbidity, mortality, functional impairment, and risk of suicide.6 Another co-occurring disorder of interest is schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Schizophrenia is a chronic illness associated with hallucinations and disorganized behavior, while the most common substances of abuse are alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine.1 Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of Americans, and approximately 50% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia also suffer from a co-occurring substance use disorder.7 When compared to individuals who suffer from schizophrenia only, dually diagnosed individuals have lower adherence to treatment, increased risk of HIV, higher hospitalization rates, are more prone to violent behavior, and are more likely to commit suicide.7 Schizophrenia runs in the family. If one parent has schizophrenia, the risk of a child developing the disorder is 13%; if both parents have schizophrenia, the risk increases to 46%.8 Schizophrenia does not discriminate and affects men and women equally. Symptoms often begin between the ages of 16 and 30 and does not commonly occur in children or adults older than 45 years.8 Additionally, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a substance use disorder often experience onset earlier in their life than do those who suffer from schizophrenia only.8 Service Delivery Barriers and Strategies to Overcome These Barriers The fragmented health care system poses a huge barrier for individuals seeking care for co-occurring disorders. Due to this fragmentation, patients are not able to receive comprehensive and coordinated care for addiction services and mental health care. Of those struggling with co-occurring disorders, â€Å"8.5 % of individuals receive treatment for both disorders; 38.4 % receive treatment for one or the other disorder; and 53 % receive no treatment at all.†1 One strategy for overcoming this barrier is by integrating mental and physical health care delivery. Combining mental and physical health funds to pay for services would not only increase access to coordinated care, but it would streamline the coding and billing process through the use of common codes. It would also create a network of mental and physical health providers, who would all be responsible for well-being of each patient, thus encouraging coordinated care. A second barrier is the stigma associated with mental illness, which impedes help seeking. This barrier can be combated by educating patients about the resources available for treatment and the overall importance of a healthy mind and body. Businesses should do more to educate employees about mental health benefits, as many may not be familiar with them. Establishing behavioral health clinics, such as the WestBridge Clinic, would provide the compassionate care many individuals with co-occurring disorders are in need of and would likely encourage these individuals to seek treatment. A third barrier is one that is faced by Medicare patients as same day separate billing for mental health and medical care is not covered under Medicare.†1 With the oncoming demographic shift, this segment of the population cannot be ignored. Though this is a more difficult barrier to overcome, policy changes should be made to ensure the elderly have access to mental health services in the primary care setting. Increasing the scope of practice for clinical staff may be a feasible strategy for overcoming this barrier. Implications for Behavioral Health Throughout this course we have learned that organizational leaders and clinical staff must exhibit a certain level of commitment to providing quality care in order to effectively treat dually diagnosed individuals. As we see look at Accountable Care Organizations, the benefits of coordinated care become even more apparent. The ACA shifts the focus to evidence-based practices, which will become integral for more effective treatment and improvement in service delivery of co-occurring disorders. Adequate screening methods and health assessments by primary care providers are the first step in the treatment and recovery process1 and will undoubtedly lead to improved detection rates and treatment of dually diagnosed individuals. It is essential for clinicians to understand the epidemiology of all disorders a person is suffering from to ensure correct and effective treatment is received. Service delivery can be expected to improve with an increase in more knowledgeable clinical staff. Clini cians must be knowledgeable about possible interaction of the two disorders and how both can be treated, rather than just one. However, as long as stigma continues to surround the topic of mental health, there will continue to be hesitation by mentally ill individuals to seek treatment. As a society, we must take the necessary steps and encourage help seeking by those suffering from a mental illness.   References Levin BL, Hennessy KD, Petrila J (Eds.).Mental Health Services: A Public Health  Perspective, Third Edition.New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. Falk D, Yi H, Hiller-Sturmhofel S. An epidemiologic analysis of co-occurring alcohol and  drug use and disorders. Alcohol Research Health. 2008; 31(2): 100-110. National Institute of Mental Health. Available online at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml. Accessed February 19 2014. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Available online at  http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Accessed February 19 2014. Conner KR, Pinquart M, Gamble SA. Meta analysis of depression and substance use among  individuals with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2009; 37: 127-137. Riper H, Andersson G, Hunter SB, et al. Treatment of comorbid alcohol use disorders and  depression with cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2013; 109: 394–406. Green AI, Noordsy DL, Brunette MF, et al. Substance abuse and schizophrenia:  Pharmacotherapeutic intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008; 34: 61– 71. National Institute of Mental Health. Available online at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml. Accessed February 19 2014. QUESTION #3 Is Mental Health a Public Health Issue? Among U.S. adults age 18 years and older, an estimated 26 percent suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder each year, and for young adults, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability.1 Mental illness also bears a heavy burned on the global economy. The WHO estimates that 14% of the global disease burden is attributable to mental illness.2 Among the twenty most significant causes of disease burden worldwide are depression (3rd), alcohol use disorder (7th), bipolar disorder (12th), schizophrenia (14th), and substance abuse disorders (20th).2 Compared to all health expenditures, mental health and substance abuse expenditures have been decreasing since 1986, and are estimated to account for 6.9% of the nation’s health care expenditures in 2014.3 Mental illness increases the risk of developing a physical illness, communicable and non-communicable disease, and intentional and unintentional injury.2 To decrease prevalence of mental illness and its adverse effects on overall health of individuals, it is necessary to integrate mental health service delivery into the nation’s public health system. The public health system encompasses a broad array of topics, which creates opportunities for integration of mental health services through community education, epidemiologic surveys, health screening and assessment, ensuring adequate access to care, identifying risk factors and determinants of health, focusing on prevention and early intervention, and promoting sharing of information among health care providers.3 Traditionally, mental and physical health have been treated in two separate service delivery systems. However, majority of adults diagnosed with a mental disorder to not seek treatment, and those who do, seek treatment within the primary care sector, rather than a specialty behavioral health care sector.3 Integration of the mental and physical service delivery systems leads to better health outcomes in primary care, home health care, and long-term care setting, as well as increased mental health care access, rates of treatment, improved treatment adherence, enhanced clinical and functional outcomes, and greater cost-effectiveness.3 Among older adults suffering from depression, integration of physical and mental health services has shown a decrease in health care dollars spent on care, improved survival, and improved quality of life.1Among individuals suffering from substance abuse disorders, integrated care leads to lower â€Å"hospitalization rates, inpatient days, emergency room u se, and medical costs.†3 One example of an integrated health care delivery system is the Veterans Health Administration, the nation’s largest integrated health care system. Zeiss identified five key reasons for this integration. First, patients prefer to receive mental health care in the same setting as primary care, as they are most familiar and comfortable with their primary care provider.4 Second, primary care providers often fail to diagnose or misdiagnose a mental illness, especially in older patients who may have other health conditions.4 Integrating care can increase detection and accuracy of diagnosis. Third, patients are more likely to seek treatment for a mental illness when a diagnosis is determined in primary care and when care is available in the primary care setting.4 Of importance is the difficulty of primary care referral to mental health providers.4 Studies have shown an astounding 75% of patients fail to follow through with the referral and therefore do not get the mental health trea tment, whereas 90% receive treatment when it is provided by the primary care provider.4 Fourth, integrated care allows for information sharing among providers. Of highest importance is information relating to the patient’s diagnosis and treatment options. It allows both health providers to provide ongoing care and treatment to the patient, without overlap of information, or exchange of misinformation among the providers. Fifth, screening for mental illness in the primary care setting may lead to reduction in the stigmatization of mental illness as it will be viewed as one of many steps of a health assessment provided to all primary care patients.4 These findings have been echoed through other studies, as we have learned throughout the course of the semester. Implications for Behavioral Health Mental illness affects a significant proportion of the U.S. population and the importance of efficient treatment cannot be understated. Integrating mental health services into the traditional public health delivery system and increasing collaboration and information sharing among providers of different disciplines is a key aspect of delivering holistic care. Through course lectures, reading assignments, and videos, we have learned that populations at higher risk of developing a mental illness are more likely to delay treatment, or not seek treatment at all, receive lower quality care, and have higher rates of co-occurring illness and morbidity. The traditional health care model emphasizes preventive care and early treatment, which must be a primary focus for mental health services as well, in order to keep the population healthy, lower the prevalence of mental illness, and maintain an affordable health care system. The number of mental health facilities and organizations providing me ntal health services and treatment has decreased from 3,942 in 1990 to 3,130 in 2008,1 thus the need for integration is essential. In order to create a holistic healthcare system, we must break down the existing barriers between the mental and physical health care delivery sectors. References Levin BL. Week #3 Lecture: Mental Health Systems.2014. 1-11. Levin BL. Week #2 Lecture: Epidemiologic, Historical, Legislative Perspectives.2014: 4-  15. Levin BL, Hennessy KD, Petrila J (Eds.).Mental Health Services: A Public Health  Perspective, Third Edition.New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. Zeiss AM, Karlin BE. Integrating mental health and primary care services in the Department of  Veterans Affairs health care system. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2008; 15:73–78.

Tourism in Greece, Italy, and Turkey Essay -- Tourist Vacations Papers

Tourism in Greece, Italy, and Turkey The fall in the costs of traveling over the past few decades has taken tourism out of the sole domain of the rich and extended it to the middle class. Consequently, the world tourism market has exploded, providing countries with a new source of jobs and income. In this paper I will examine the tourism industries in Greece, Italy, and Turkey in the context of both the European and worldwide tourism markets. Several questions will be addressed. How many tourists come to these countries annually? Where do these countries rank among the world's top tourist destinations? How much do tourists contribute to the local economy? From where do these countries draw most of their tourists What are the most popular cities to visit within these countries What are these countries doing to counter the effects of 11 September? In 2001, Europe attracted 58 percent of worldwide tourists, continuing its trend of being the world's most popular tourist destination (WTO 13). Since so many people visit Europe, the tourist sector plays a vital role in the economies of the respective countries. The tourism industry as a whole has struggled since the 11 September terrorist attacks, falling 0.6 percent worldwide and 0.7 percent in Europe in 2001 (WTO 11). However, the regions in which Greece, Italy, and Turkey lie (southern Europe and eastern Mediterranean Europe) have proved to be more resilient than other areas. Southern Europe actually experienced a modest 1.2 percent growth for the year (WTO 55). In the final four months of 2001, tourism in Europe dropped 6.6 percent, while the decline in southern Europe over this period was only 1.8 percent (WTO 11-12).? Moreover, due to strong growth in Tu... ...stabilities in the Middle East, Turkey has remained a popular tourist destination.? It has done much to develop the industry and promote the country to others.? The dip in tourists post 11 September does not seem to have hurt the growth in tourism very much.? If regional conflicts are assuaged, Turkey?s already strong tourist sector should continue to expand significantly.? With the multitude of attractions that these countries have to offer visitors, tourism should continue to prosper in the future in Greece, Italy, and Turkey. Works Cited Greek National Tourist Organization.? www.gnto.gr. Italy Tourism Office.? www.enit.it. Tourism Market Trends: Europe.? World Tourism Organization.? Madrid, Spain. 2003. Travel Industry World 2002 Yearbook.? Travel Industry Publishing Co, Inc.? Spencertown, NY.? 2003 Turkey Tourist Office.? www.tourismturkey.org.

Race Conflict and Issues: Whites and Non-Whites Post- Revolution Essay

European settlers have a long history of mistreating Native Americans. The most famous example is the Trail of Tears in which President Van Buren and the federal government forcibly and violently removed Cherokee Indians in 1838 from their native land. Over 18 thousand Cherokee women, men and children were forced to walk 1,000 miles from Georgia to Oklahoma. Of these people, 4,000 died from harsh weather, starvation and exposure to illnesses. European settlers during this time viewed Native Americans as uncivilized savage and used this perception to justify violently removing the Native Americans from their land. Native Americans initially accepted the European settlements but pleaded against being removed. The status of African-Americans in this time has generated debate among historians but there is enough evidence to show they were perceived similar to Native Americans; as not equal to European settlers. European settlers justified this by denying their natural rights. African-Am ericans, however, were seen as useful resources and they remained on their land and were used as slaves. In return African-Americans responded by attempting to escape to their freedom. Native Americans were viewed poorly in the eyes of European settlers. "Europeans early perceptions of Indians were an important factor in how explorers and early colonist dealt with Native American people and in the end subdued them. They were sometimes considered barbarians because of their different lifestyle. European settled discussed in primary sources how their rituals and traditions were "horrible and abominable, and deserving punishment.† For example, Native Americans sacrifice souls to their idols as a ritual. Europeans did not think this was good behavi... ...wn ever received a like sentence. The court made these rulings simply because of the color of their skins, which to them reduced African-Americans to a status lower than any white person. It is evident that the Native Americans were unfairly removed from their homeland because the Europeans settlers saw them as savages not worthy to live among them. The Native Americans responded to their cruelty with pleads of desperation. These pleads of desperation were annoyed and instead excuses of doing what’s â€Å"best† for them both proceeded. Works Cited Breen, T. H., and Stephen Innes. "Myne owne ground": race and freedom on Virginia's Eastern Shore, 1640-1676. 25th anniversary Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Wheeler, William Bruce, and Susan D. Becker. Discovering the American past: a look at the evidence. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

I would consider the sharing and downloading of songs from the Internet to be wrong when a purchase isn’t made to obtain the download. When ecommerce is circumvented and a song is downloaded from the Internet the effects are felt beyond the large music record companies. The fans of that artist, the employees that manufacture the digital media, even you as the person downloading the content will have consequences. If the demand for a product is high the price for such product does not have to be high. Thus, if I along with many others download my favorite artist’s song the consequences ripple far past the wealthy record companies.The fans willing to pay will have a higher cost because demand is not reflected accurately. The companies that develop products to create this digital media will have fewer jobs to offer/may require terminating employees. I will feel the effects because my favorite artiest may not put out music due the demand not being accurate. This is a very i nteresting topic to discuss because here there are laws that protect copyrighted material, as well as technology that solely are used to uphold these laws. In fact, it seems that the technology are the laws regarding digital media and when avoided they are broken. Once constrains on behavior are built into the technical standards governing a technology, the technical standards effectively become a new method for governing used of the technology- in essence, the technical standards become a type of law. †(Textbook) Lending a CD to a friend is ok. There isn’t infringement to copyrights, and the rights management system is not undermined when doing so. For instance manufactures decide the rules of with the digital media can be used. â€Å"In the Case of rights management systems, copyright owners determine the rules that are embedded into the technological controls.By implementing technical constraints on access to and use of digital information, a copyright owner can eff ectively supersede the rules of the intellectual property law. †(Textbook) When allowing a friend to borrow a CD the RMS is not damaged in the process. Letting a friend download, copy to an external drive, or rip to CD music is definitely wrong. It infringes on various copyright statues, as well as undermines any rights management systems that are used with my digital media. To bypass the RMS of digital media would violate the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and is without a doubt wrong. No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title. †(Textbook) To work around the RMS of a CD and rip songs to a library and then make a copy of these songs to a blank CD violates the DMCA. Using other technology to obtain this media is also wrong. In the case Real Networks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. we see that to use software to copy media is another instance of DMCA violation. In this case Real Networks offered a wa y to stream music for sampling, but if a user wanted to own the copy they must purchase the song.RealServers hosted this music and would only play content on RealPlayers. This relationship between player and server was authenticated by means of â€Å"secret handshake†. Users who have met content owners preference to download media (i. e. purchased the music) could do so by a â€Å"copy switch† authentication method. Streambox VCR allow users to bypass the copy switch mechanism, which allow users to download media without the consent or preference of the copyright holder. We see with this case that if we use software to circumvent the ecommerce process we have violated the DMCA. The DMCA prohibits the manufacture, import, offer to the public, or trafficking in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof that: (3) is marketed for use in circumventing such technological protection measures. †(Textbook) Allowing this friend to download from a site is wrong as well. It violates the same DMCA standards forbidding working around RMS. Peer to peer sharing we have seen in the case A & M Records Inc, v. Napster, Inc. violates the DMCA if the holder does not grant permission to the content.To enable the act of infringing even though you yourself are not infringing does not remove liability. â€Å"Napster may be vicariously liable when it fails to affirmatively use its ability to patrol its system and preclude access to potentially infringing files listed in its search index. Napster has both the ability to use its search function to identify infringing musical recordings and the right to bar participation of users who engage in the transmission of infringing files. †(Textbook) I think that the digital copyright laws of today are reasonable.They protect the copyright holders, but there are still â€Å"free use† statues are in place that makes sampling music realistic. Today we have youtube, Pandora, and spotify ju st to name a few. If I want to sample music or even listen to my favorite genre of music I am free to. I can subscribe to a new artist on youtube and sample their music before I ever have to pay for a CD. Today technology has made it more convenient to be a consumer of media, and harder to protect your copyright for media creators. With every streaming site there is a file-sharing site.I think that it’s unfortunate that someone who worked hard to create a work of music has to deal with it being stolen, but I think there is a solution in the near future. With everything being hosted in the cloud now a days we see media outlets like itunes and spotify have huge cloud library with the ability to take a physical copy when placing it on an external device. We are seeing less and less local copies of media with the emergence of the cloud, which will make it very hard to circumvent RMS in place. So what should be the law? The laws should evolve with technology, and as of now should remain as they are.

Citizenship and diversity Essay

A citizen is a native or naturalized member of a city, country, or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection also citizenship is the state of being vested with the rights and duties of a citizen and is also the character of an individual viewed as a member of society. Citizens who help the local community like running clubs for youths and getting them involved in productive stuff helps keep them off the street and also help to decrease the crime rate. The Public service view citizenship as very helpful as the citizens who help tackle crime by being witnesses, reporting crime, and actively doing something helps the Police convict and get justice for crimes done. A legal view on citizenship is a person with rights of residence; views of citizenship by different organisations in society, e.g. public services, religious groups, pressure groups including â€Å"Amnesty International† and â€Å"Greenpeace†. Qualities of a good Citizen -Responsible -Dedicated -A positive attitude towards other people -Participation in community activities -Awareness of the needs of others Responsible -A good citizen takes personal responsibility to improve the community in which they live. They do not complain about picking up litter they will not complain that it is the council’s job, they will get up and pick up the litter themselves. A good citizen see themselves as responsible for improving the neighbourhood and do not wait for others to do it. Dedicated -Good citizens do not give up on tasks; they persevere until change is achieved. They are dedicated to see through until the end a task which they have set themselves. Positive Attitude -Good citizens are positive to all people. They are non-judgemental. They are not racist or homophobic; they welcome diversity as enriching a society and do not judge people on the colour of their skin, age religion or sexual orientation. Participation in the community -Getting involved in neighbourhood watch, community fund raising and environmental campaigns Awareness of the needs of fellow people in your community -Good citizens have awareness that we are not all the same and that some people need more support due to poverty, disability or language issues. A good citizen is aware and sensitive to these issues and help to provide a supportive inclusive community which values all of its members. Diversity The definition of diversity is to allow others to be who they are, i.e. black white Muslim Hindu etc. without expecting them to conform to your ideas of either working or morally, for example, if your working partner is a strict catholic, then not making lewd comments about women would respect his diversity, if you are going to be arresting a Muslim woman, then getting a female police officer to do it would be respecting her diversity, the same would be if you were to respect someone’s diversity in your community, you could not single someone out or treat someone different to other because of their race, religion or social status and so on.

Mrs Arbuthnot and Hester Essay

How does Oscar Wilde make Hester and Mrs Arbuthnot contrasting characters? Oscar Wilde has many characters through ‘A Woman of No Importance’ that have contrasting personalities and backgrounds, but the characters with a clear, most definite contrast are Hester and Mrs Arbuthnot. Mrs Arbuthnot is known to the readers of the play and the characters in the play as a ‘fallen woman’. She has run off with at least two men whilst married and has now developed a reputation with the rest of the community. She is a very flirtatious character and likes to ‘play with fire’. This means she also will try to get the attention of any man possible. Hester, on the other hand, is very religious and has extremely different morals and views to Mrs Arbuthnot. She doesn’t agree with running off with other men, sex before marriage or flirting with other men, so Hester and Mrs Arbuthnot, in this sense, have different morals. Mrs Arbuthnot’s relationship with Lord Illingworth is very flirtatious and public. Everyone in the community has heard about them so nothing about them is private. Hester and Gerald’s relationship on the other hand, is very different. Hester plays almost ‘hard to get’ and doesn’t draw attention to her or the fact that she may like Gerald. She likes to keep her business private so no one knows anything about her to judge her. Mrs Arbuthnot is from England and is very friendly with the higher class people. These people have been born into wealth and don’t like people who have earned their money through working. However, Hester is from America and has had to work her way up to gain money and to be where she is today. She doesn’t agree with people being born into wealth and those people looking down on the people who have worked their way up. Both Mrs Arbuthnot and Hester disagree with each other in this sense which shows a contrasting of personalities. On the other hand, Hester says ‘nothing should be out of the reach of hope’, which could seem that Hester doesn’t worry about social class and it doesn’t matter when you are in hierarchy, Finally, Mrs Arbuthnot believes that men are stronger than woman and they have a higher authority and more power than women do. She has the typical view of a Victorian woman where the men boss the women around and then women do as they are told. Hester believes in equality and has very strong views about it. She believes that all men and women should be valued the same and that no one is any different. Hester is almost like she is saying exactly what Oscar Wilde is thinking. Therefore, throughout this play, Oscar Wilde shows contrasting characters through wealth, class and morals.

Coca-Cola Essay

If we told you that Coca-Cola had operating units in 50 countries around the world, you probably would not be surprised. If we told you that Coca-Cola had been in business for almost 125 years, you probably would not be surprised. So, you tell us †¦ how many different beverages does Coca-Cola produce? 100? 500? 2, 000? Are you surprised yet? Worldwide, Coca-Cola produces an amazing 2, 800 different beverages. When an organization is that big, has that sort of worldwide presence, and boasts what is perhaps the most well-known brand ever, you can bet that a multitude of IT systems are constantly churning in the background, not only keeping the organization running, but also keeping it running ahead of the competition. To support internal collaboration efforts, Coke created something it calls its Common Innovation Framework, a Web-based system that combines project management capabilities with business intelligence. Using the Innovation Framework, anyone from any of the operating units worldwide can search for, find, and apply concepts, strategies, development successes, and marketing approaches that have been used elsewhere in the organization. For example, when introducing Georgia teas in Australia, the Coke people Down Under can research what marketing strategies worked well in related countries such as New Zealand. As Jean-Michel Ares, Coke CIO, explains if, â€Å"Once you have aggregated the pipeline of innovation, the object is to assess and prioritize the best allocation of resources in the organization. Beyond internal employees, Coke is reaching out with new and innovative IT steps. Recently, it rolled out a new line of software services based on hundreds of business processes to its extended family of bottlers. These software services each perform a specific common business function and run within SAP’s ERP software and are delivered by Coke’s IBM hosted date centers. The goal is to create a standardized business and technology platform across all Coke bottlers, most of which are independent franchises. (There are some partly owned by Coke) If Coke and its bottlers are speaking the same language, so to speak, and using the same technology, then supply chain management applications will be the more efficiently streamlined. Standardized in their case equates to saving money by reducing expenses associated with supply chain activities. And even beyond its extended family to bottlers, Coke is using technology to create loyalty and engage more with its customers. Its award winning Web site, My Coke Rewards at www.mycokerewards.com, is the second most popular consumer packaged-goods site, behind only www.kraftfoods.com. My Coke Rewards attracts some 300,000 visitors per day. Offering everything from magazine subscriptions to electronics as prizes (just look under your bottle cap). My Coke Rewards has reconnected Coke with its loyal drinkers. The site has teamed with pop culture crazes such as American Idol, soccer, and auto racing to bring even more consumers into the fold. You can even find Coke-labeled songs through iTunes. Questions: 1.Describe the various IT-enabled initiatives discussed in this case study and categorize them as either above-the-line, below-the-line, or some combination of the two. 2.Why is standardization so important in supply chain management? Coke is developing its own set of software services for bottlers to use. Do you think Coke charges the bottlers for these software services? Why or why not? 3.Describe two different forms of e-collaboration in this case study. For each, articulate the benefits to Coke. 4.How is My Coke Rewards an example of a switching cost? How can a switching cost not have a monetary penalty associated with it. 5.Referring to the diagram below, what do you believe to be Coke’s overall organizational structure? Why? How does Coke’s use of technology support your decision? 6.What sort of business intelligence could Coke gather from its My Coke Rewards Web-site? How could it use this information for customer relationship management activities?

Managing Financial Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Financial Resources - Assignment Example The company has outperformed the industry with respect to return on equity as it might be operating efficiently as compared to other companies. The current ratio measures a company’s ability to pay short term obligations of its creditors when they are due. Low Fell Engineering has a slightly better current ratio than the company thus it gives a good impression to the investors who are willing to invest in the stock of the company. The acid test ratio is similar to current ratio but it does not incorporate the Cost of inventory or stocks since it considers them to be the least liquid. The acid test ration of Low Fell Engineering is also better than the industry standards signifying that they have a strong ability to meet their short term dues. The stock turnover of the company is below the benchmark level and it has not been able to turn over its inventory as well as other companies which can be an overwhelming concern since it can increase the cost of inventory. The company needs to be concerned about their low stock turnover which is increasing their cost of inventory and thus reducing their gross profit margin. To improve the turnover, they need to optimize their supply chain, make the production process lean and build strong relationship with the suppliers or vendors. A good supplier enables to deliver stock in a timely and low cost manner which can minimize the cost of sales (Bierley, 2008). In a finance lease, the risk and ownership of the asset it transferred to the lessee (Pietersz, 2005). Therefore, at the end of the period the lessee can sell the asset at the scrap Cost. Thus, in the case of a finance lease the Cost of the machinery will be Since the case does not explicitly mention that the lease is operating of finance therefore if we assume that it is a finance lease than it will be the most feasible option. Otherwise buying on cash will be the best option since

Philip, Alexander and the Hellenistic period Research Paper

Philip, Alexander and the Hellenistic period - Research Paper Example Presently, numerous historians have associated Hellenistic period with the influence of Philip’s and Alexander’s regimes. This is because of their wisdom and exemplary leadership which they then exhibited, prompting the thriving of Hellenism and spreading of Greek’s influence to the Middle East. This period has also witnessed the emergence of creative art, literature, scientific breakthroughs and scholarly works by diverse philosophers. Philip and his son Alexander the Great contributed immensely to the shaping of the Hellenistic period’s culture. This is especially through the leaders who came after them though they were incompetent (Coffin et al. 157). Initially, Philip, due to his wisdom and exemplary leadership strategies, has managed to sway Greeks to attack Persia, but he has not managed to accomplish this mission during his lifetime. Afterwards, his son Alexander the Great managed to achieve this mission by waging massive campaigns during which he not only conquered Persia but also annexed Greece, Near East and Egypt. In 323 B.C, Alexander’s unexpected death at the age of 33 created a power vacuum, which prompted his closest generals to take over the empire’s leadership. However, due to internal wrangles which developed among them coupled with their leadership incompetence, the empire collapsed and split into three dynasties: Egypt under the Ptolemy’s leadership, Seleucia ruled by Seleucus, and Macedon (Coffin et al. 178). These dynasties varied considerably in their leadership styles, but they still maintained Alexander’s ideals, which contributed immensely to the spread of Greek civilization in the Middle East. Hellenistic period comprised two main features which differed from other civilizations. One of them was the large-scale aspect, which was contrary to the Polis’ period. The aspect entailed the deployment of large armies that consisted of 60,000-70,000 men

Invastigation report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Invastigation report - Case Study Example In fact, he had been trained by the company on how to effectively operate a forklift. On the day Tina was involved in the accident: 13th/03/2012, at 2300hrs, Cox was doing his usual duty of pushing the forklift. However, as fate would have it, Tina had to suffer injuries which resulted from the falling of very many objects on her heels. This really caused a lot of pains to her as it made her to dislocate the arm and break her arm. Thus, it became apparent that she could not continue with her duties. However, the response of the company’s management was good because she was immediately rushed to the hospital thereafter. Fortunately, while all these incidences were happening, there was an eye witness who got an opportunity to observe whatever happened to Tina. This was Bryan Workman who, was at the time of the accident, was close to Tina and could see everything. Therefore, while conducting the investigations, each of these parties was involved in an interview. They were asked to give accounts of all that they saw during this incident. As an investigator, I had to rely on their narrations in order to enable me make a decision on this matter. From Tina who was of course, the injured party, I learnt that the incident cased a lot of pains to her. However, her conditions could not enable her to say exactly what happened. Meanwhile, Cox shed more light on how the accident occurred at a time when he was busy doing his normal duties. However, he attributed it to the fact that he was rushing to give Tina the items to inspect. The narrations of these people are consistent and convincing. For instance, after interviewing Tina at the hospital, I found out that the company had not done a lot regarding her condition. In fact, even her husband David had not been informed about her ordeal. Besides, the company had not sent any representative to check on her and take a report about her conditions. By acting in this manner, the management of this company

Marketing automobiles to male U.S. Hispanics ages 18-35 Research Paper

Marketing automobiles to male U.S. Hispanics ages 18-35 - Research Paper Example 4 2.2.Nissan and Competition 5 3.Statement of the Marketing Objective 6 4.Media Sources and Strategy for Nissan Leaf 9 4.1.Traditional Electronic Media 9 4.2.New Media 9 4.3.A Combination of Media 10 4.4.Nissan Leaf Successful Ad Campaign—What If Everything Ran on Gas? 10 5.Positioning and Message Strategy for Nissan Leaf 11 6.Test of Message and Media Approaches 13 With the presence of Chevy Volt, the EV market has been split into two. In order to make it appealing to the target audience that we have identified as Hispanic male, Nissan would split the target audience as the Thinkers and the Innovators and aim to appeal to both of them. The thinkers would be persons who are well-educated and make informed decisions whereas; innovators are those who would be willing to embrace the latest technological developments. The message mainly propagated by Nissan Leaf is that it is an ultra-modern car with cutting edge technology. Nissan Leaf has the benefit of being the first market en trant, the innovator and leader, the position is pretty much similar to that of Toyota Prius in Hybrid cars. It has the potential to gain the maximum market share and with marketing and extended features the car can even increase the size of the pie. 13 Media approaches that would appeal to the target audience based on an internet survey, we need to incorporate the following means of advertising: 13 Cable or Satellite TV: 13 Select cannels and shows which coincide with the target audience of the car. Cable also provides national coverage and reach and the message can be reinforced using high frequency. 13 Internet Marketing: 13 As established already the company Nissan already has a strong presence on social networking sites and blog forums. The Leaf can be promoted using these avenues. The key benefit that the internet marketing is that it provides a targeted audience so there is minimum waste. And by linking the product promotions and advertisements to their facebook page and blog s, the company would be reaching an audience that is already interested in buying the brand or at least getting to know about it. The company can evaluate the effectiveness with the number of clicks, the traffic and also sue input provided by the audience for improving the features of the car. 13 Radio 14 Radio is also a very effective medium, for two reasons. First is that the Hispanic males listen to a great deal or radio in both English and Spanish and provides high frequency and targeted reach. Furthermore the highest consumption of radio is while travelling in cars, so the promotional message would hit close to home. 14 Print Advertisements 14 The key benefit of advertisements in magazines is their ability to reach a very targeted audience as well as have a long life and high transferability. Nissan needs to select magazines with high reach of the Hispanic populous. 14 Celebrity Endorsements and Unconventional Methods 14 Since the product is attempting to reposition itself and appeal to the Hispanic male audience, it is important that the product is also made to appear macho and the concept of energy-saving appear cool, this can be accomplished with celebrity endorsements and Spanish music sponsorships. 14

Taking a Stand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taking a Stand - Research Paper Example This leaves students and lower level employees prone to bullying tactics such as being used as personal slaves by physicians or senior nurses ridicule and humiliate students in front of their colleagues and patients as well. Such bullying tactics differ with extremity depending on the organizational setup. There is a need for a moral agent within healthcare, among nurses since if this role is not fulfilled some of the detrimental effects include deflating of self-esteem which may disrupt their pursuit of the profession, low morale leading to employee turnover, absenteeism and low productivity affecting performance; all of which directly influence the success of the organization. Worse still, in some cases, the organization may end up incurring litigation fees, making out early retirement payouts, counseling fees for workers and compensation of workers. Therefore, it is apparent that individuals practicing nursing should take up the challenge of being the moral agent. Where they stand up and defend people being bullied, or if the one facing the bullying taking a firm stand regardless of the alienating position it leaves one in. It is unfortunate that there is no specific legal action open to majority of the bullying tactics present in the workplace. However, there are some laws under the Civil Rights Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act that can be applied to certain scenarios if a protected class such as from a certain ethnicity is violated and if safety and healthful conditions are not met, respectively (Niles, 2012). As a moral advocate against aggression at the workplace, I would begin by informing fellow employees on the options open to them if they face any bullying. This would create a feeling of empowerment and confidence while carrying out their clinical duties and seeking knowledge from their seniors. Secondly, I would approach a senior physician and ask them to support my endeavor when I approach physicians to urge them to refrain from and w arn them about bullying through abuse of power or any other tactic. In order to get cooperation, I would educate the senior level nurses and physicians on the impact of bullying (Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 2003). By relaying this information, I believe it will create understanding on why it is important that any form of bullying be shunned and where one witnesses it, they should not tolerate it by merely standing by but instead rebuke the offender and support the victim. Thirdly, I would come up with a clear framework that defines what counts as bullying so as to avoid cases of misunderstanding. This would be contained in a document and placed in strategic positions within the hospital so that everyone can be informed and that no excuses of ignorance are allowed. Lastly and most importantly, I would encourage senior nurses to take up the role of mentors so as to support nursing students as this will not only benefit the students but will give them an opportunity to develop and nurtur e leadership skills, critical in advancing their careers (Randle, 2006). Concurrently, I would seek a concrete title that attracts attention from employees but does not deter low-level group from freely approaching me. This would ensure the position takes on a permanent standing within the organization, so that even upon my departure it continues

Causes and Solutions for Groundwater Pollution in Australia Essay

Causes and Solutions for Groundwater Pollution in Australia - Essay Example However, if salinity is too high as a result of existing salt in the materials around the aquifer, then, it is not usable for consumption. If too much water is extracted from aquifers, then, the viability of a variety of ecosystems is at risk. Groundwater provides hydration for areas such as wetlands, streams and even some lakes. Even though the two intermingle, in Australia, the government has managed surface water and groundwater resources as two separate categories. In the country, there are currently 442 groundwater management units, or GMU’s, designated to manage the groundwater inside their territories. Each of these units was selected because the groundwater goes to areas with environmental sensitivity, or because the groundwater was low in salinity. Each GMU has its own aquifer – typically only one, unless there is a series that is connected. GMU’s end at the state and provincial boundaries since the prevailing authority for groundwater comes at the state /provincial level (Ball). For example, four different GMU’s cover the Great Artesian Basin, because it lies under parts of four different states in Australia. When it comes to sustainable yield, the good news is that Australia’s current groundwater yield is more than adequate for the country’s current needs. ... However, extraction is higher in some parts of the country than others. In Victoria and Queensland, for example, almost two-thirds of the sustainable yield is used on an annual basis. The Great Artesian Basin, with around 500 GL in annual sustainable yield, is the largest source of groundwater in the country, containing 11 different aquifers. However, because 570 GL is extracted each year, the current trend is not sustainable (Ball). At present, the most positive signs are the government's commitment to testing aquifers near the coast rigorously to monitor salinity invasion. Also, the testing of river water can indicate the safety of some groundwater sources. However, many rivers do not have any groundwater as a source, so this is an incomplete method of testing. Current Risks While current use of groundwater is within allowable parameters, given the annual available yield, the only reason that groundwater is necessary for extraction is that surface water is being used to excess. The re are many ways to encourage reductions in water consumption, from rebates on low-flow shower heads to the declaration of different stages in water reduction protocols for municipalities. Water consumption is a by-product of social behaviors that are, by and large, out of the government's hands to control, without instituting layers of usage control. Education is an essential strategy; many people just do not know the number of gallons they let flow down the drain each day, during something as straightforward as a morning shower in addition to activities such as running loads of laundry that are not full but using a full load's worth of water, not fixing a leaky toilet or outdoor spigot as well as letting hot water run constantly while shaving. All these are behaviors that do not

Risk management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Risk management - Case Study Example The second part involves the liability insurance on liability related risks. It must be noted that liability insurance is meant to offer protection to a third party should there be any claim. The family can insure their dogs. That can certainly be under pet insurance from Progressive Insurance. That is because one of their dogs has been reported to be engaged in biting people. That can lead to a huge loss if the family is not careful. For that reason, taking an insurance cover for the two dogs is important in case of any accidents especially because they have allowed students of Perdue school to be passing by their fence. That even makes it more dangerous. On the other hand, the family may decide to enclose their yard and garden by fencing and prohibiting students from passing over the yard. That also possesses the family in danger of theft related cases. Jane is also working in a manufacturing plant and therefore needs to be covered under the company’s public liability insura nce due to accidents, injuries, death at work and many others. Jane may also insure her businesses against losses especially because the business is seasonal and sometimes funds are not available. Home related risk in the third part involves insuring the house. Homes are insured under the home insurance. The house though very old can still be insured. Progressive Insurance company offers certain categories depending on the perils. Jane can contribute an average annual insurance at $1,163 and monthly contributions at $96.92. That will be cheap while considering that her business is cyclic. Jane will be required to pay a $5000 deductible monthly insurance against flood. The maximum amount payable is $250,000 for house allowance. In future Jane would wish to move out of the old house since it has high risks rates that lead to high deductible amount. Jane would also be needed to insure his

Qualitative Research Methodology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualitative Methodology - Research Paper Example While computer technology offers a plethora of benefits in its application to police administration, I assume that it would be met with resistance from management, employees, personnel, and other parties involved. The police administration has been using their old routines and systems for the past decades; abandoning those old routines in exchange of new technologies may pose difficulty for some people. It would take a lot of effort for the people involved to unlearn what they have been doing for the longest time, and then learn and adopt a new system that would eventually replace the old system. Those difficulties, challenges, and resistances must be properly addressed in order for the new system to survive and become successful. Finally, the behavior and attitude of people toward computer technology is mediated by the meanings and experiences they have with it. People possess both positive and negative opinions about using computers in police administration. In addition, the role o f computer technology in their lives is determined by their age, gender, class, and an entire system of values and beliefs. These values and beliefs, when uncovered, would yield a better understanding of their perspective and lead to the development of an E-Administration that is specifically tailored to suit their needs. Considering the abovementioned assumptions, a methodology that would allow me to gain a deep understanding of the subjects being studied is necessary. A methodology that would reveal the insights, beliefs, and experiences of the people would work best for my study. Among all the qualitative research methodologies available, ethnography is what I consider the most proper methodology that would yield the necessary data for my study. 2. Ethnography In a nut shell, ethnography tells the beliefs, values, and attitudes of a certain group of people or culture about something. Primarily applied in anthropology and sociology, the application of ethnography has been extended in the areas of market research, business, and practically any group of people or culture where an understanding of their beliefs, experiences, and attitudes is needed. Using ethnography would uncover the perception and opinion of the RAK Police about using computer technology in their administration. It would also reveal the meanings they hold about technology, which, in turn, influences their attitude towards computers. This would allow me to identify the probable reasons they have in avoiding or accepting the new system. Ethnography would allow me to see patterns of behavior that can be understood rationally and intuitively in a real world context. Their behavior towards the old system would expose the underlying problems and limitations. Understanding the problems of the old system is useful in designing the structure of the new system. Their behavior towards the new system, on the other hand, would serve as a measure of their readiness to accept E-Administration. Ethnography, in addition, would reveal the prevailing norms that shape the perception of the police administration about computer technology. Norms refer to the beliefs and values that a society hold about something. With ethnography, the challenges and resistances which are rooted in the

The Crucible Essay Example for Free

The Crucible Essay The setting of Salem, Massachusetts in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a setting that is accessible and relevant to the reader, as it is grounded in realism. Although it is different from our society, it did once exist, and therefore helps us understand what can happen in a fear based society. The theocratic setting is grounded in realism and Miller uses this to warn us that history repeats it’s self, and may do so again, as similar events happened in America in the 1950’s. Miller uses Salem 1692 to show us some of the implications of living in a fear based society, like having a good name. In a fear based society, nobody is automatically trusted, everyone is judged by their name. John Proctor has had a good name his whole life in the village of Salem. However when he has information that could prove Abigail is not as good as she appears, he is conflicted between confessing that he had an affair with her and ruining his good name, or watching people he knows are innocent be convicted and keeping quiet. He does not want to â€Å"blacken† his name in the village. So he keeps the information to himself about the affair until it is too late, and nobody will believe him because his name is no longer good. This shows that having a good name was so important in this society that you would risk your friends being convicted of witchcraft to keep your name ‘white’. Toward the end, when Proctor is about to confess to witchcraft, he refuses to sign away his name â€Å"you have taken my soul, leave me my name! † He yells, and from this we see there is nothing more important to him. Similarly, Judge Danforth is fixated on having a good name. We see this when he is not willing to postpone John Proctor’s hanging. He knows that John could be innocent, but if he postpones the hanging, the village could question Danforth’s judgement. So Danforth would rather innocent people die, than the court’s, or his reputation be put on the line. From these two characters, we get a sense of how much value a name can hold. The setting is vital in helping us understand this theme. Miller wants us to understand that in the close, fear-based village of Salem your name has so much value and holds your entire reputation. It must be kept ‘white’ as people make every decision about you based on your name. It s ridiculous events like this that happen in a fear based society. However Salem 1692 is grounded in realism, so we are forced to consider our own society, and what actions take place currently as a result of fear. Take the Boston Marathon bombings for example. The USA lives in constant threat of terrorist attacks so when a bombing takes place, most American’s and the rest of th e world are quick to assume it was the doing of the Middle East, when in fact there is no evidence at all to suggest that. Miller is encouraging us not to jump to conclusions in times of panic or unrest. In fear based societies, things often happen that we would now consider ludicrous, like suspicion being accepted as proof, Miller uses a setting that is grounded in realism to show us this. In Salem, 1692 people lived in constant fear of the devil, witchcraft and spending the afterlife in hell. Villagers were so scared of the power of the devil, and the horrors of witchcraft, that anyone who was behaving with the slightest suspicion, or was in any way different, could be accused of being a witch. This is because they had no other explanation for the behaviour. This meant that people like Tituba (a black slave) and Goody Good (homeless woman) were easily targeted and convicted by power hungry Abigail. We saw this conviction with a lack of evidence with goody Osborne. The evidence used to condemn her was that she did things like cause â€Å"a black coldness† to climb up Mary’s back, and for her to have a stomach ache, and she mumbled. As â€Å"Witchcraft is ipsofacto an invisible crime. Therefore who may possibly be witness to it? The witch and the victim. None other. † The accused witch’s word cannot be trusted; therefore Mary’s word is accepted as fact in the court. Another seemingly ludicrous result of living in a fear based society is when Abigail and the girls’ hysteric reactions to people are seen as proof. Mr. Hale even admits that he has â€Å"Seen too many frightful proofs in court† showing that he takes these reactions as solid evidence and reason enough to hang. By using this setting with such rigorous moral code, expectations and fear of the devil, Miller shows us how desperation can cloud judgement, and when fear and â€Å"common vengeance writes the law† suspicion can be accepted as proof. We are more willing to accept what Miller is telling us here because it is set in a realistic society that we view critically. Miller creates parallels to other events in history, and even now, to this real society from history to show us that history repeats. The Crucible takes place in a theocratic society, meaning that the bible is fact and law, people make every decision in life to please god and go to heaven after death. This of course means that witches are real as the bible states â€Å"thou shalt not suffer a witch to live† thus the people of Salem genuinely believe â€Å"the devil is loose in Salem†, and witches must be sought after and killed. The Crucible was written in the 1950’s, as an allegory for the events that were happening in regards to communists in America. In the 1950’s people lived in constant fear of communists – America was at war with the Soviet Union, so if someone was seen supporting communism, they were accused of supporting the Soviet Union. The trials to convict communists needed very little evidence and were very unfair, it is only because people lived in constant fear that these events could happen. Miller intentionally created direct parallels to the 1950’s with 1692 Salem. Having the drama set in 1692 allows us to view the text more critically. We are personally removed from it, and can therefore more willingly accept the ideas that Miller is trying to convince us of. The text is a warning of the irrational things that come out of fear. By using this real event in history, and creating parallels with America in the 1950’s, Miller wants us to acknowledge that we are not above these people, history just repeats it’s self. We should be able to lean from the Salem witch hunt, and even 1950’s USA, but even today we still jump to conclusions in tense situations. The setting of this play is grounded in realism, it did actually happen and the characters just represent human nature. Once we recognise this, we see that all humans are capable of behaving in this ludicrous way. In fact we still see this in today’s society in Guantanamo bay. As a result of terrorist acts against the country, and the fear of more attacks the U. S military will interrogate, prosecute, act as the defence council, be the judges in trials of people who are suspected to be terrorist (often by racist stereotypes, Muslim/Islamic men). This gives possibly innocent people a hideously unfair trial and further validates Miller’s point – That suspicion and accusation can be accepted as proof in fearful situations. We also see from this that the setting must be grounded in realism, by creating links in events that happened in that setting, to other events in history, we are forced to accept these ideas as true. Miller warns us through the setting of theocratic Salem in 1692, an allegory for America in the 1950’s of the irrational actions that come from fearful situations and extreme societies. These ideas are accessible and relevant to the reader because the setting is grounded in realism.